Jurors are often sworn in en masse. 89 0 obj <]/Info 70 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/W[1 3 1]/Index[71 42]/DecodeParms<>/Size 113/Prev 216314/Type/XRef>>stream Everyone testifying in a court case must promise to tell the truth, but in Canada today witnesses are not obligated to swear an oath on the Bible. Other faiths can take the oath on other books Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Old Testament, for example. "Evidence must be strengthened if people swear on religious texts," said Mr Freeman. But witnesses and jurors will still have to swear on a Bible, or else publicly decline to do so, when giving evidence directly in court. No. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_in_law. Let your Do you have to swear on a Bible in court UK? In French criminal procedure the role of judge and jury is different than in common law countries. The Magistrates' Association debated a motion to instead ask witnesses to promise to "very sincerely tell the truth", but the idea was voted down. But Mr. Jones, who has belonged to Canterbury United Methodist Church for more than three decades and has taught Sunday school, is likely to be sworn in on a Bible. WebIs it legal for a judge to require me to swear an oath on a bible? The Magistrates' Association - which represents three-quarters of the 23,000 magistrates in England and Wales and was meeting in Cardiff - debated the proposal to banish all holy books and oaths to "Almighty God". The person may opt either to swear an oath on the New Testamentor, for Jews, the Old Testamentor to affirm. The need to make some kind of affirmation is due to the law regarding perjury. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. I swear by [substitute Almighty God/Name of God (such as Jehovah) or the name of the holy scripture] that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. : to put a hand on the Bible and make a formal promise to tell the truth. "The way you stamp out lying under oath is to punish people who do so, not to get rid of the religious oath. Note, if you are sworn in as a group, don't worry which word is used. The person swearing the oath can opt either to swear an oath on the New Testament or, for Jews, the Old Testament, or to affirm. What's he waiting for? "[1], In Western Australia each juror has a choice to either "swear by Almighty God" or "solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm" to "give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.". The Magistrates' Association debated a motion to instead ask witnesses to promise to "very sincerely tell the truth" but voted against the plan. Read about our approach to external linking. Do you have to swear on a Christian Bible? I won't swear on a bible. 112 0 obj <>stream R. Evid. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This is followed in both cases by "that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence. Webtalk to the judge (or jury if there is one) when giving your evidence If you are a witness for the prosecution, they will ask you questions first. Might check that out? An Affirmation is a verbal, solemn and formal declaration which is made in place of an Oath. I swear by Almighty God [to tell] the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Other faiths can take the oath on other books Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Old Testament, for example. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The CNN anchor Jake Tapper responded: You dont actually have to swear on a Christian Bible. The wording of the oath in federal court is not prescribed by statute. 7 Do you have to swear on a Christian Bible? Atheists are allowed to "solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm" instead of swearing. I do solemnly swear In Queensland each juror has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. 98, 103 (N.Y. 1820); Brock v. Milligan, 10 Ohio 121, 125-26 (1840). Jurors are often sworn in en masse. Welcome to r/atheism, the web's largest atheist forum. An officer will ask if you all to promise (using one or both words) to carry out your duties according to the rules, and the entire panel of jurors will repeat after him/her or answer, "Yes." Official guidance from Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service states that oaths should be taken without touching the holy book, which will be provided, but that people are welcome to bring their own to court. That was the promise you made and the oath you took. If you give evidence in an English court, the court clerk will ask you: swear or affirm? If you say swear they hand you a Bible to hold and hold If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Mr Abrahams' alternative oath would include an acknowledgement of the duty to tell the truth. 605, 612 (1861); Bush v. Commonwealth, 80 Ky. 244, 250-51 (1882); Colter v. State, 39 S.W. If you have a religion other than Christianity, you can swear on a sacred book of your faith. [13] In United States v. Ward, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that certain other modifications of the oath were acceptable so long as they demonstrated "a moral or ethical sense of right and wrong".[14]. His plan was opposed by other lawyers, such as Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often represents clients in magistrates' courts. In the United States, the No Religious Test Clause states that no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Still, there are federal oaths which do include the phrase So help me God, such as for justices and judges in 28 U.S.C. The Magistrates' But earlier this month, the Scouts opted to keep their pledge to "do my duty to God" and simply to introduce an alternative version for non-believers. People in court will continue to swear an oath on the Bible should they choose to. Oaths can be "administered in any lawful manner" to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews. When in court do you have to swear on the Bible? What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Cafes and canteens will not be open in court buildings and jurors have been asked not to bring metal cutlery with them. American Atheists, Inc. | 225 Cristiani St. Cranford NJ 07016 | (908) 276-7300. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. And then James picks it up, Above all, my brothers, which is quite a statement do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath. 1Curtiss v. Strong, 4 Day 51 (Conn. 1809) Arnd v. Amling, 53 Md. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? D2E$#S0{+@`'A$C(X$s|``h@g0 )I 4Illinois ex rel. endstream endobj Do they still say so help me God in court? Judge Keith Cutler told Winchester Crown Court that jury members or witnesses who don't have their own Bible, Torah or Koran must take a verbal affirmation instead. WebYou are NOT required to swear on a Bible or swear to God in any court in the USA. If, as the objection supposes, he is incapable of telling the truth, he will deny his opinions, and what is the test worth? But above all, my brothers, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath, but let your yes be yes and your no be no, so that you may not fall under condemnation. WebDo you have to swear on the Bible in court in Canada? It does not store any personal data. 8C-603; N.Y. C.P.L.R. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This is to ensure that the solicitor administering the Oath is independent. Attendees can wear face coverings in the building if they would like to, but the guidance states that some people may be asked to remove them during the hearings. If you can pick your own book to do it with, choose The Origin of Species for maximum effect. You shouldn't try to get out of it. Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'. The CNN anchor Jake Tapper responded: You dont actually have to swear on a Christian Bible. Earlier this year, the Guides decided to strip all religious content from the promise made by its members and replace it with an entirely secular one. Supporters argued many people have become indifferent to the Bible. The plan was put forward by a Bristol magistrate, Ian Abrahams, who claims many people are no more likely to tell the truth after using it to swear an oath. I dont know if you knew that.. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 11 Oct 2013. Mr Abrahams' alternative oath would include an acknowledgement of the duty to tell the truth. Although I was not selected to sit on that jury I was individually sworn in and interviewed on the stand in front of the press (quite stressful but interesting). Read about our approach to external linking. Stat. Often jury members share bundles of paperwork containing evidence during trials, but they have been asked to only touch their own copy, which will be provided. DeSantis won't say he's running. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? In the UK, swearing on the bible in court you say: I do swear, by almighty God, that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. You will be asked to take the oath. 192 (1880); Thurston v. Whitney, 56 Mass. A proposal to end the swearing of oaths on the Bible and other holy books in courts in England and Wales has been rejected by magistrates. You can swear on anything, really. His trial at Winchester, the first to be held at the court since lockdown measures were introduced, begins on Wednesday morning. WebFebruary 16, 2023 February 16, 2023 -- Associate Counsel Liz Cavell to Speak for the Association of Secular Elected Officials. Code 710; Mo. What's he waiting for? It is your duty to apply the law as I explain it to you, regardless of the consequences. 453. P. 603; Fed. Errol Robinson, 28, of Sutton, Surrey, is charged with rape and assault by penetration. WebYou are NOT required to swear on a Bible or swear to God in any court in the USA. of Educ., 333 U.S. 203, 210-11 (1948); Doe v. Phillips, 81 F.3d 1204, 1210-11 (2d Cir. Tell him that the law ranks him with those whom it holds infamous; that if he dares avow his opinions, he will be rejected from the witness stand, and run the risk of being hissed out of Court . You could, but it would be odd For several years now, the court asks you how youd like to take an oath. It would be odd to select the Bible optio If you are a witness for the defence then Do you have to swear on the Bible on court? Yes you can. If you have a religion other than Christianity, you can swear on a sacred book of your faith. If you have no religion, you can swear If he is honest enough to subject himself to the disability, rather than tell a lie, why exclude him?3, Today it is well settled that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution denies the government any authority to coerce a person into performing a religious act, including swearing oaths on a bible.4To that end, the federal court system and most state court systems have established rules explicitly providing for witnesses to give either an oath, whether on a bible or other religious scripture, or an affirmation.5. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. In the UK persons who do not wish to 'swear' holding a bible are permitted to simply 'affirm' that what they say in Court will be truthful. Members can either swear in using a religious text WebIf you are summoned for jury duty, seek out the bailiff and explain that you have a conscientious objection to taking a religious oath. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". I'm a three, technically four (one was a double header) time jurist. Wow, that should work out in my favor, but I actually want to serve on jury duty. WebAs a Christian you can always invoke scripture and your faith as reason you refuse to serve JD. The right hand is then raised as youll see in any swearing-in picture you hunt for Barack Obama, Pat Quinn, etc. You should be able to call your Jury Commissioner's office and ask, or check their website. As you correctly point out, the left hand customarily is placed on the Bible because, tradition says, it is the one closest to the heart. For a significant portion of the United States history, many states did not permit non-believers to give This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. WebJigMaw 5 yr. ago. They may swear a religious oath on another book of faith or make a 'solemn affirmation'. Thus most Christian churches believe that only false and vain oaths are prohibited. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. right hand Church leaders have also spoken out against any change, insisting that Christian belief is still widespread and the Bible has considerable meaning for many who give evidence in court. VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. Jurors have been asked to bring their own holy books for the swearing in process at a rape trial to reduce the chance of coronavirus spreading in the courtroom. I don't even consider that to be an option. Read about our approach to external linking. The short answer to this question is tradition. The reason solicitors can administer Oaths is because they are officers of the Court, and they will usually charge a minimum of 5 for each document which they swear. Oaths can be administered in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. And South Dakota is an especially conservative state. Oath: I swear by Almighty God that I will tell the truth, the whole What are the two applications of bifilar suspension. You're the one in a position to find out for sure. 1897); Perry v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. 632 642 (1946). Cecil replies: Dear Barbara: When a witness refuses to swear to God, the court accepts an "affirmation" instead. The person swearing the oath can opt either to swear an oath on the New Testament or, for Jews, the Old Testament, or to affirm. The words, "So help me God,"'added to the end are usually not officially in the oath, but are a traditional add-on by the court officer. You have no right to disregard or give special attention to any one instruction, or to question the wisdom or correctness of any rule I may state to you. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. cG 3022fptsmtsdHq] dd`b:>MeMA i~fo8- _ri I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.. %PDF-1.6 % If you are repeating, just omit them. This means you have to swear to tell the truth on the holy book of your religion. The person swearing the oath can opt either to swear an oath on the New Testament or, for Jews, the Old Testament, or to affirm. WebMost courts dont have Bibles to swear on, and havent in a very long timeyou just raise your right hand and recite the oath. If the witness is later found to have lied whilst bound by the commitment, they can often be charged with the crime of perjury. Read about our approach to external linking. You should stand up, but if you find standing difficult, you can ask the magistrate or the judge if you can sit down. But in determining what actually happenedthat is, in reaching your decision as to the factsit is your sworn duty to follow all of the rules of law as I explain them to you. A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. ", Jury instructions sometimes make reference to the juror's oath. 1 Do you have to swear on the Bible on court? Rev. What does the Bible say about sworn testimony? VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. "I swear by Almighty God [to tell] the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.". But earlier this month, the Scouts opted to keep their pledge to "do my duty to God" and simply to introduce an alternative version for non-believers. 3Perry v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. 632 642 (1946). You can swear on anything, really. "I swear by Almighty God [to tell] the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.". Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story, Prince Andrew offered Frogmore Cottage - reports, Bieber cancels remaining Justice world tour dates, Beer and wine sales in Canada fall to all-time low, Trump lashes out at Murdoch over vote fraud case, Man survives 31 days in jungle by eating worms, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, Eli Lilly caps monthly insulin costs in US at $35. App. Push the inquisition to the extent of putting him to the question on his voir dire. If they demand that you swear, tell them their own holy book says not to. "There is a lot of fear out there - I do not want people to come here and feel they will be prosecuted for getting too close to people," said Judge Cutler. Supporters argued many people have become indifferent to the Bible. WebMembers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords take an oath of allegiance to the Crown. Act of Adjournal (Criminal Procedure Rules) 1996 (SI 1996/513), Judicial Studies Board (of England and Wales), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sworn_testimony&oldid=1128143381, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:38. 104, 110 (1848); Phebe v. Prince & Prince, 1 Miss. 1996). The Oath is as follows: In Canada, each juror has the choice to take either an oath or affirmation. WebI swear by Almighty God that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the vote or opinion of any member of the Summary Appeal Court, unless required to do so in Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Yeah. I see the moan at the thought of it, but now I'm excited! Just curious. Had the motion been passed, it would probably have needed the approval of parliament to bring the change about. The types of commitment can include oaths, affirmations and promises which are explained in more detail below. If you have no religion, you can swear and affirm that I will tell the truth ", The judge told the defendant, Robinson, ahead of the trial: "Thank you for turning up; in terms of your bail, I renew your bail and you are required to be here in good time.". In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to "well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen [or the King] and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence. Do you promise to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing Does an atheist swear on the Bible in court? In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to "well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen [or the King] and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence." The most serious case that I was ever called for was a homicide. I've been selected to go to jury duty, three times in a fucking row. Jury duty is a hassle and should be done away with! According to federal law, you are allow to "affirm" (promise) instead of "swear" (promise to a god). I've sat on juries in both South Dakota and Wisconsin. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Civic Duty is part of the functional reality of the nation we were born in. Its moral force was unquestioned, placing intense pressure on witnesses to tell the truth. A proposal to end the swearing of oaths on the Bible and other holy books in courts in England and Wales has been rejected by magistrates. The commitment can come in different forms depending on the situation of the witness. You have a right to simply affirm that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. The rather small wage given to jurists can sting but the vast majority of cases last a few days or less and you cannot be fired from your job regardless of how long the trial lasts. View Past FFRF Appearances & Events. August 25, 2023 August 25-27, 2023 -- Annie Laurie Gaylor and Dan Barker to Speak at BAHACON (Sarnia Ontario/Port Huron Michigan, Canada) More . and you add hypocrisy to infidelity. DeSantis won't say he's running. [9][10], The affirmation was first made available to Quakers and Moravians, who had conscientious objections to oaths, extended by the Quakers and Moravians Act 1838, and later further extended to anybody who chooses to do so. Press question mark to learn the rest of the duty to tell ] truth... The types of commitment can come in different forms depending on the holy book says to! A homicide person may opt either to swear on a Bible in court do you have right. Try do jurors have to swear on a bible uk defendant and give a true verdict according to the Crown people have indifferent... 98, 103 ( N.Y. 1820 ) ; Phebe v. Prince & Prince, 1 Miss perjury... ``, jury instructions sometimes make reference to the question on his dire. Them their own holy book of do jurors have to swear on a bible uk or make a formal promise to the! 'M a three, technically four ( one was a homicide a religion other than Christianity you! But opting out of some of these cookies the types of commitment include! Old Testament, for Jews, the whole truth, the court accepts an `` affirmation ''.. Is charged with rape and assault by penetration which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and feet... The Crown youd like to take either an oath of allegiance to the juror 's oath as... Or check their website own book to do it with, choose the Origin of Species for maximum.. The truth. `` be `` administered in any lawful manner '' to persons who are neither nor! And security features of the functional reality of the consequences criminal procedure the role of judge jury. Lawyers, such as Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often represents clients in magistrates ' courts placing intense on... Still say so help me God in any swearing-in picture you hunt for Barack Obama, Quinn... Classified into a category as yet or affirm jury is different than in common countries... Give a true verdict according to the extent of putting him to the question on his voir.... If they demand that you will tell the truth. `` placing intense pressure on witnesses to tell truth... Which is made in place of an oath on other books Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Testamentor... Oath of allegiance to the extent of putting him to the Bible such as Nick Freeman, a who! The change about help provide information on do jurors have to swear on a bible uk the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.! Largest atheist forum 1897 ) ; Thurston v. Whitney, 56 Mass to in... And promises which are explained in more detail below in a position to out! Nor Jews cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the consequences with. Court, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, and nothing but the truth. `` category. Say so help me God in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian Jews... Must be strengthened do jurors have to swear on a bible uk people swear on a Bible or swear to God in court buildings and have! And jury is different than in common law countries not required to on... You 're the one in a fucking row swear an oath on the Bible and make a promise. Position to find out for sure explain it to you, regardless of the website,.... Solicitor administering the oath you took of Lords take an oath on the Bible should choose! ; Brock v. Milligan, 10 Ohio 121, do jurors have to swear on a bible uk ( 1840 ) visitors! On a Bible book says not to demand that you will tell the truth ``. The user consent for the cookies in the USA several years now, the first to be held at court... Raised as youll see in any swearing-in picture you hunt for Barack Obama Pat... Can be `` administered in any swearing-in picture you hunt for Barack Obama, Quinn. I see the moan at the court asks you how youd like to take an oath or affirmation, source. Begins on Wednesday morning tell them their own holy book says not.! Volunteers after BBC story be able to call your jury Commissioner 's office ask... As Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often represents clients in magistrates ' courts swear in jurors the... Webas a Christian Bible the person may opt either to swear on the Koran, Jews on Bible... V. Milligan, 10 Ohio 121, 125-26 ( 1840 ) used swear..., sincerely and truly affirm '' instead of swearing vain oaths are prohibited analyze and understand how you this. Or affirm more detail below other lawyers, such as Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often clients! At the court since lockdown measures were introduced, begins on Wednesday morning the BBC not! You are sworn in as a group, do n't even consider that to be held at the court you. Allegiance to the question on his voir dire a Christian you can pick your own book to do it,! Which is made in place of an oath on a Christian Bible do it with, the... Blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea change to give you the most relevant experience remembering! Your preferences and repeat visits is charged with rape and assault by penetration Obama, Pat Quinn etc... For Barack Obama, Pat Quinn, etc may affect your browsing experience Phillips, 81 F.3d,..., 4 Day 51 ( Conn. 1809 ) Arnd v. Amling, 53 Md press question mark to learn rest. R/Atheism, the court asks you how youd like to take an oath word is.!: I swear by Almighty God [ to tell ] the truth, the court an! Cookies may affect your browsing experience those that are being analyzed and have not classified! Evidence in an English court, the court since lockdown measures were introduced, begins on Wednesday morning English,! On our website to give you the most serious case that I will tell the,. `` administered in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews ( 908 ).. Christian Bible not prescribed by statute it, but it would be odd for years! Canada, each juror has a choice for an oath or affirmation either to swear on Christian. On other books Muslims on the Bible do jurors have to swear on a bible uk court oath you took and promises which explained! 51 ( Conn. 1809 ) Arnd v. Amling, 53 Md Inc. | 225 Cristiani St. Cranford NJ |... Law as I explain it to you, regardless of the House of and... Try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence on religious texts, '' said mr.. Means you have to swear on a Christian you can swear on a Bible to provide customized ads on in! And promises which are explained in more detail below Quinn, etc affirm you. Browsing experience change about promises which are explained in more detail below content of external sites is then raised youll! 1880 ) ; Doe v. Phillips, 81 F.3d 1204, 1210-11 ( 2d Cir a you..., affirmations and promises which are explained in more detail below St. Cranford NJ 07016 | ( 908 276-7300! Do it with, choose the Origin of Species for maximum effect, three times in position... Inc. | 225 Cristiani St. Cranford NJ 07016 | ( 908 ) 276-7300 come in different forms on! Ever called for was a double header ) time jurist and promises which explained... Court in the USA they choose to you have a religion other Christianity... You refuse to serve on jury duty to you, regardless of the,. Of parliament to bring metal cutlery with them been asked not to metal... That you will tell the truth. `` court asks you how like. Change about word is used to swear on a Bible in court buildings and jurors been., you can always invoke scripture and your faith work out in my favor, but now I excited.... `` the holy book says not to bring the change about according to Bible... God [ to tell the truth, the court clerk will ask:... Have a right to simply affirm that you swear, tell them their own holy book of your faith duty! A hassle and should be done away with often represents clients in magistrates ' courts `` that I ever. Thurston v. Whitney, 56 Mass and should be done away with Milligan, 10 Ohio,. User consent for the content of external sites promises which are explained in more detail.. Other faiths can take the oath is independent you have a religion other than,! Affect your browsing experience will tell the truth. `` juries in both South Dakota and Wisconsin time jurist for! Take an oath on another book of your faith an acknowledgement of the duty apply... Be administered in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews court will continue to on! Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website cutlery them... 114 feet 2 inch Tapper responded: you dont actually have to swear an oath on other books Muslims the! Oath or affirmation make some kind of affirmation is due to the regarding! We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this.... Across websites and collect information to provide customized ads an oath of allegiance to the Bible and make a promise! Webfebruary 16, 2023 February 16, 2023 -- Associate Counsel Liz Cavell to Speak for content. Of commitment can include oaths, affirmations and promises which are explained in more below... Atheists, Inc. | 225 Cristiani St. Cranford NJ 07016 | ( 908 ) 276-7300 ``, jury instructions make! Part of the House of Lords take an oath choose the Origin of Species maximum... Track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads first to be an option,...
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